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<title>Printer (computing)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Printer (computing)</span></span>

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<p>A <b>printer</b> is a <a href="Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripheral</a> machine which makes a durable representation of graphics or text, usually on <a href="Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most output is human-readable, bar code printers are an example of an expanded use for printers.<sup id="cite_ref-BarCo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarCo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different types of printers include 3D printers, inkjet printers, laser printers, and thermal printers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The first computer printer designed was a mechanically driven apparatus by <a href="Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> for his <a href="Difference_engine" title="Difference engine">difference engine</a> in the 19th century; however, his mechanical printer design was not built until 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also had plans for a curve plotter, which would have been the first computer graphics printer if it was built.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The first patented printing mechanism for applying a marking medium to a recording medium or more particularly an electrostatic inking apparatus and a method for electrostatically depositing ink on controlled areas of a receiving medium, was in 1962 by C. R. Winston, Teletype Corporation, using continuous inkjet printing. The ink was a red stamp-pad ink manufactured by Phillips Process Company of Rochester, NY under the name Clear Print. This patent (US3060429) led to the Teletype Inktronic Printer product delivered to customers in late 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The first compact, lightweight digital printer was the <a href="EP-101" title="EP-101">EP-101</a>, invented by Japanese company <a href="Seiko_Epson" class="mw-redirect" title="Seiko Epson">Epson</a> and released in 1968, according to Epson.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The first commercial printers generally used mechanisms from <a href="Typewriter#Electric_designs" title="Typewriter">electric typewriters</a> and <a href="Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teletype</a> machines. The demand for higher speed led to the development of new systems specifically for computer use. In the 1980s there were <a href="Daisy_wheel_printing" title="Daisy wheel printing">daisy wheel</a> systems similar to typewriters, <a href="Line_printer" title="Line printer">line printers</a> that produced similar output but at much higher speed, and <a href="Dot_matrix_printing" title="Dot matrix printing">dot-matrix</a> systems that could mix text and graphics but produced relatively low-quality output. The <a href="Plotter" title="Plotter">plotter</a> was used for those requiring high-quality line art like <a href="Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprints</a>.

</p><p>The introduction of the low-cost laser printer in 1984, with the first <a href="HP_LaserJet" title="HP LaserJet">HP LaserJet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LJ84.NYT_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LJ84.NYT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the addition of <a href="PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a> in next year's <a href="LaserWriter" title="LaserWriter">Apple LaserWriter</a> set off a revolution in printing known as <a href="Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">desktop publishing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laser printers using PostScript mixed text and graphics, like dot-matrix printers, but at quality levels formerly available only from commercial <a href="Typesetting" title="Typesetting">typesetting</a> systems. By 1990, most simple printing tasks like fliers and brochures were now created on <a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> and then laser printed; expensive <a href="Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">offset printing</a> systems were being dumped as scrap. The <a href="HP_Deskjet" class="mw-redirect" title="HP Deskjet">HP Deskjet</a> of 1988 offered the same advantages as a laser printer in terms of flexibility, but produced somewhat lower-quality output (depending on the paper) from much less-expensive mechanisms. Inkjet systems rapidly displaced dot-matrix and daisy-wheel printers from the market. By the 2000s, high-quality printers of this sort had fallen under the $100 price point and became commonplace.

</p><p>The rapid improvement of <a href="Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> <a href="Email" title="Email">email</a> through the 1990s and into the 2000s has largely displaced the need for printing as a means of moving documents, and a wide variety of reliable storage systems means that a "physical backup" is of little benefit today.

</p><p>Starting around 2010, <a href="3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a> became an area of intense interest, allowing the creation of physical objects with the same sort of effort as an early laser printer required to produce a brochure. As of the 2020s, 3D printing has become a widespread hobby due to the abundance of cheap 3D printer kits, with the most common process being <a href="Fused_filament_fabrication#Fused_deposition_modeling" title="Fused filament fabrication">Fused deposition modeling</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_printer">Personal printer</h3></div>

<p><i>Personal</i> printers are mainly designed to support individual users, and may be connected to only a single computer. These printers are designed for low-volume, short-turnaround <a href="Print_job" title="Print job">print jobs</a>, requiring minimal setup time to produce a hard copy of a given document. They are generally slow devices ranging from 6 to around 25 pages per minute (ppm), and the cost per page is relatively high. However, this is offset by the on-demand convenience. Some printers can print documents stored on <a href="Memory_card" title="Memory card">memory cards</a> or from <a href="Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> and <a href="Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">scanners</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Networked_printer">Networked printer</h3></div>

<p><i>Networked</i> or <i>shared</i> printers are "designed for high-volume, high-speed printing". They are usually shared by many users on a <a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a> and can print at speeds of 45 to around 100 ppm. The <a href="Xerox_9700" title="Xerox 9700">Xerox 9700</a> could achieve 120 ppm.

An <i>ID Card printer</i> is used for printing plastic ID cards. These can now be customised with important features such as holographic overlays, HoloKotes and watermarks. This is either a direct to card printer (the more feasible option) or a retransfer printer.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_printer">Virtual printer</h3></div>

<p>A <i><a href="Virtual_printer" title="Virtual printer">virtual printer</a></i> is a piece of computer software whose user interface and <a href="Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a> resembles that of a printer driver, but which is not connected with a physical computer printer. A virtual printer can be used to create a file which is an image of the data which would be printed, for archival purposes or as input to another program, for example to create a <a href="PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> or to transmit to another system or user.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barcode_printer">Barcode printer</h3></div>

<p>A <i><a href="Barcode_printer" title="Barcode printer">barcode printer</a></i> is a computer peripheral for printing <a href="Barcode" title="Barcode">barcode</a> labels or tags that can be attached to, or printed directly on, physical objects. Barcode printers are commonly used to label cartons before shipment, or to label retail items with <a href="Universal_Product_Code" title="Universal Product Code">UPCs</a> or <a href="European_Article_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="European Article Number">EANs</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3D_printer">3D printer</h3></div>

<p>A <i><a href="3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printer</a></i> is a device for making a three-dimensional object from a 3D model or other electronic data source through additive processes in which successive layers of material (including plastics, metals, food, cement, wood, and other materials) are laid down under computer control. It is called a printer by analogy with an inkjet printer which produces a two-dimensional document by a similar process of depositing a layer of ink on paper.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ID_card_printer">ID card printer</h3></div>

<p>A <b>card printer</b> is an electronic <a href="Desktop_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Desktop printer">desktop printer</a> with single card feeders which print and personalize <a href="Plastic_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic cards">plastic cards</a>. In this respect they differ from, for example, <a href="Label_printer" title="Label printer">label printers</a> which have a continuous supply feed. Card dimensions are usually 85.60 × 53.98 mm, standardized under <a href="ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">ISO/IEC 7810</a> as ID-1. This format is also used in <a href="Electronic_cash" title="Electronic cash">EC-cards</a>, <a href="Telephone_card" title="Telephone card">telephone cards</a>, <a href="Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit cards</a>, <a href="Driver's_license" title="Driver's license">driver's licenses</a> and <a href="European_Health_Insurance_Card" title="European Health Insurance Card">health insurance cards</a>. This is commonly known as the <a href="Bank_card" title="Bank card">bank card</a> format. Card printers are controlled by corresponding printer drivers or by means of a specific programming language. Generally card printers are designed with laminating, striping, and punching functions, and use desktop or web-based software. The hardware features of a card printer differentiate a card printer from the more traditional printers, as ID cards are usually made of PVC plastic and require laminating and punching. Different card printers can accept different card thickness and dimensions.

</p><p>The principle is the same for practically all card printers: the plastic card is passed through a thermal print head at the same time as a color ribbon. The color from the <a href="Ribbon" title="Ribbon">ribbon</a> is transferred onto the card through the heat given out from the print head. The standard performance for card printing is 300 dpi (300 dots per inch, equivalent to 11.8 dots per mm). There are different printing processes, which vary in their detail:

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<dl><dt>Thermal transfer</dt>

<dd>Mainly used to personalize pre-printed plastic cards in monochrome. The color is "transferred" from the (monochrome) color <a href="Ribbon" title="Ribbon">ribbon</a>; <a href="Dye_sublimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dye sublimation">Dye sublimation</a>:This process uses four panels of color according to the <a href="CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK</a> color ribbon. The card to be printed passes under the print head several times each time with the corresponding <a href="Ribbon" title="Ribbon">ribbon</a> panel. Each color in turn is diffused (sublimated) directly onto the card. Thus it is possible to produce a high depth of color (up to 16 million shades) on the card. Afterwards a transparent overlay (O) also known as a topcoat (T) is placed over the card to protect it from mechanical wear and tear and to render the printed image UV resistant.</dd>

<dt>Reverse image technology</dt>

<dd>The standard for high-security card applications that use contact and contactless <a href="Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart chip cards</a>. The technology prints images onto the underside of a special film that fuses to the surface of a card through heat and pressure. Since this process transfers dyes and resins directly onto a smooth, flexible film, the print-head never comes in contact with the card surface itself. As such, card surface interruptions such as smart chips, ridges caused by internal <a href="RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a> antennae and debris do not affect print quality. Even printing over the edge is possible.</dd>

<dt>Thermal rewrite print process</dt>

<dd>In contrast to the majority of other card printers, in the thermal rewrite process the card is not personalized through the use of a color ribbon, but by activating a thermal sensitive foil within the card itself. These cards can be repeatedly personalized, erased and rewritten. The most frequent use of these are in chip-based student identity cards, whose validity changes every semester.</dd>

<dt>Common printing problems</dt>

<dd>Many printing problems are caused by physical defects in the card material itself, such as deformation or warping of the card that is fed into the machine in the first place. Printing irregularities can also result from chip or antenna embedding that alters the thickness of the plastic and interferes with the printer's effectiveness. Other issues are often caused by operator errors, such as users attempting to feed non-compatible cards into the card printer, while other printing defects may result from environmental abnormalities such as dirt or contaminants on the card or in the printer.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reverse transfer printers are less vulnerable to common printing problems than direct-to-card printers, since with these printers the card does not come into direct contact with the printhead.</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variations">Variations</h4></div>

<p>Broadly speaking there are three main types of card printers, differing mainly by the method used to print onto the card. They are:

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<dd>This term designates the cheapest type of printing by card printers. These printers print up to 5 mm from the edge of the card stock.</dd>

<dt>Direct to Card</dt>

<dd>Also known as "Edge to Edge Printing". The print-head comes in direct contact with the card. This printing type is the most popular nowadays, mostly due to cost factor. The majority of identification card printers today are of this type.</dd>

<dt>Reverse Transfer</dt>

<dd>Also known as "High Definition Printing" or "Over the Edge Printing". The print-head prints to a transfer film backwards (hence the reverse) and then the printed film is rolled onto the card with intense heat (hence the transfer). The term "over the edge" is due to the fact that when the printer prints onto the film it has a "bleed", and when rolled onto the card the bleed extends to completely over the edge of the card, leaving no border.</dd></dl>

<p>Different ID Card Printers use different encoding techniques to facilitate disparate business environments and to support security initiatives. Known encoding techniques are:

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<dl><dt><a href="Smart_card" title="Smart card">Contact Smart Card</a></dt>

<dd>The Contact Smart Cards use <a href="RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a> technology and require direct contact to a conductive plate to register admission or transfer of information. The transmission of commands, data, and card status held between the two physical contact points.</dd>

<dt><a href="Contactless_smart_card" title="Contactless smart card">Contactless Smart Card</a></dt>

<dd>Contactless Smart Cards exhibit integrated circuit that can store and process data while communicating with the terminal via Radio Frequency. Unlike Contact Smart Card, contact less cards feature intelligent re-writable <a href="Microchip" class="mw-redirect" title="Microchip">microchip</a> that can be transcribed through radio waves.</dd>

<dt>HiD Proximity</dt>

<dd>HID's proximity technology allows fast, accurate reading while offering card or key tag read ranges from 4" to 24" inches (10 cm to 60.96 cm), dependent on the type of proximity reader being used. Since these cards and key tags do not require physical contact with the reader, they are virtually maintenance and wear-free.</dd>

<dt><a href="Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">ISO Magnetic Stripe</a></dt>

<dd>A magnetic stripe card is a type of card capable of storing data by modifying the <a href="Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a> of tiny iron-based magnetic particles on a band of magnetic material on the card. The magnetic stripe, sometimes called swipe card or magstripe, is read by physical contact and swiping past a magnetic reading head.</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Software">Software</h4></div>

<p>There are basically two categories of card printer software: desktop-based, and web-based (online). The biggest difference between the two is whether or not a customer has a printer on their network that is capable of printing identification cards. If a business already owns an ID card printer, then a desktop-based badge maker is probably suitable for their needs. Typically, large organizations who have high employee turnover will have their own printer. A desktop-based badge maker is also required if a company needs their IDs make instantly. An example of this is the private construction site that has restricted access. However, if a company does not already have a local (or network) printer that has the features they need, then the web-based option is a perhaps a more affordable solution. The web-based solution is good for small businesses that do not anticipate a lot of rapid growth, or organizations who either can not afford a card printer, or do not have the resources to learn how to set up and use one. Generally speaking, desktop-based solutions involve software, a database (or spreadsheet) and can be installed on a single computer or network.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_options">Other options</h5></div>

<p>Alongside the basic function of printing cards, card printers can also read and encode magnetic stripes as well as contact and contact free RFID chip cards (<a href="Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart cards</a>). Thus card printers enable the encoding of plastic cards both visually and logically. Plastic cards can also be laminated after printing. Plastic cards are laminated after printing to achieve a considerable increase in durability and a greater degree of counterfeit prevention. Some card printers come with an option to print both sides at the same time, which cuts down the time taken to print and less margin of error. In such printers one side of id card is printed and then the card is flipped in the flip station and other side is printed.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Applications">Applications</h5></div>

<p>Alongside the traditional uses in time attendance and access control (in particular with photo personalization), countless other applications have been found for plastic cards, e.g. for personalized customer and members' cards, for sports ticketing and in local public transport systems for the production of season tickets, for the production of school and college identity cards as well as for the production of national ID cards.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2></div>

<p>The choice of print technology has a great effect on the cost of the printer and cost of operation, speed, quality and permanence of documents, and noise. Some printer technologies do not work with certain types of physical media, such as <a href="Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">carbon paper</a> or <a href="Transparency_(projection)" title="Transparency (projection)">transparencies</a>.

</p><p>A second aspect of printer technology that is often forgotten is resistance to alteration: liquid <a href="Ink" title="Ink">ink</a>, such as from an inkjet head or fabric ribbon, becomes absorbed by the paper fibers, so documents printed with liquid ink are more difficult to alter than documents printed with <a href="Toner_(printing)" title="Toner (printing)">toner</a> or solid inks, which do not penetrate below the paper surface.

</p><p>Cheques can be printed with liquid ink or on special cheque paper with toner anchorage so that alterations may be detected.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The machine-readable lower portion of a cheque must be printed using <a href="Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">MICR</a> toner or ink. Banks and other clearing houses employ automation equipment that relies on the <a href="Magnetic_flux" title="Magnetic flux">magnetic flux</a> from these specially printed characters to function properly.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_print_technology">Modern print technology</h3></div>

<p>The following <a href="Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> technologies are routinely found in modern printers:

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laser_printers_and_other_toner-based_printers">Laser printers and other toner-based printers</h4></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Laser_printing" title="Laser printing">Laser printing</a></div>

<p>A <a href="Laser_printing" title="Laser printing">laser printer</a> rapidly produces high quality text and graphics. As with digital <a href="Photocopier" title="Photocopier">photocopiers</a> and multifunction printers (MFPs), laser printers employ a <a href="Xerography" title="Xerography">xerographic</a> printing process but differ from analog photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of a <a href="Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> beam across the printer's <a href="Photodetector" title="Photodetector">photoreceptor</a>.

</p><p>Another toner-based printer is the <a href="LED_printer" title="LED printer">LED printer</a> which uses an array of <a href="Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LEDs</a> instead of a <a href="Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> to cause toner <a href="Adhesion" title="Adhesion">adhesion</a> to the print drum.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liquid_inkjet_printers">Liquid inkjet printers</h4></div>

<p><a href="Inkjet_printing" title="Inkjet printing">Inkjet printers</a> operate by propelling variably sized droplets of liquid ink onto almost any sized page. They are the most common type of computer printer used by consumers.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solid_ink_printers">Solid ink printers</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Solid_ink" title="Solid ink">Solid ink</a></div>

<p><a href="Solid_ink" title="Solid ink">Solid ink</a> printers, also known as phase-change ink or hot-melt ink printers, are a type of <a href="Thermal_transfer_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal transfer printer">thermal transfer printer</a>, graphics sheet printer or 3D printer . They use solid sticks, crayons, pearls or granular ink materials. Common inks are <a href="CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK</a>-colored ink, similar in consistency to candle wax, which are melted and fed into a piezo crystal operated print-head. A Thermal transfer printhead jets the liquid ink on a rotating, oil coated drum. The paper then passes over the print drum, at which time the image is immediately transferred, or transfixed, to the page. Solid ink printers are most commonly used as color office printers and are excellent at printing on transparencies and other non-porous media. Solid ink is also called phase-change or hot-melt ink and was first used by Data Products and Howtek, Inc., in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solid ink printers can produce excellent results with text and images. Some solid ink printers have evolved to print 3D models, for example, Visual Impact Corporation<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Windham, NH was started by retired Howtek employee, Richard Helinski whose 3D patents US4721635 and then US5136515 was licensed to Sanders Prototype, Inc., later named Solidscape, Inc. Acquisition and operating costs are similar to <a href="Laser_printing" title="Laser printing">laser printers</a>. Drawbacks of the technology include high <a href="Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy consumption</a> and long warm-up times from a cold state. Also, some users complain that the resulting prints are difficult to write on, as the wax tends to repel inks from <a href="Pen" title="Pen">pens</a>, and are difficult to feed through <a href="Automatic_document_feeder" title="Automatic document feeder">automatic document feeders</a>, but these traits have been significantly reduced in later models. This type of thermal transfer printer is only available from one manufacturer, <a href="Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>, manufactured as part of their <a href="Xerox_Phaser" title="Xerox Phaser">Xerox Phaser</a> office printer line. Previously, <a href="Solid_ink" title="Solid ink">solid ink</a> printers were manufactured by <a href="Tektronix" title="Tektronix">Tektronix</a>, but Tektronix sold the printing business to Xerox in 2001.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dye-sublimation_printers">Dye-sublimation printers</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Dye-sublimation_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dye-sublimation printer">Dye-sublimation printer</a></div>

<p>A dye-sublimation printer (or dye-sub printer) is a printer that employs a printing process that uses heat to transfer dye to a medium such as a <a href="Plastic_card" title="Plastic card">plastic card</a>, paper, or <a href="Canvas_print" title="Canvas print">canvas</a>. The process is usually to lay one color at a time using a ribbon that has color panels. Dye-sub printers are intended primarily for high-quality color applications, including color photography; and are less well-suited for text. While once the province of high-end print shops, dye-sublimation printers are now increasingly used as dedicated consumer photo printers.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thermal_printers">Thermal printers</h4></div>

<p><a href="Thermal_printing" title="Thermal printing">Thermal printers</a> work by selectively heating regions of special heat-sensitive paper. Monochrome thermal printers are used in cash registers, <a href="Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">ATMs</a>, <a href="Fuel_dispenser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel dispenser">gasoline dispensers</a> and some older inexpensive fax machines. Colors can be achieved with special papers and different temperatures and heating rates for different colors; these colored sheets are not required in black-and-white output. One example is <a href="Zink_(technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zink (technology)">Zink</a> (a portmanteau of "zero ink").

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obsolete_and_special-purpose_printing_technologies">Obsolete and special-purpose printing technologies</h3></div>

<p>The following technologies are either obsolete, or limited to special applications though most were, at one time, in widespread use.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impact_printers">Impact printers</h4></div>

<p> Impact printers rely on a forcible impact to transfer ink to the media. The impact printer uses a print head that either hits the surface of the ink ribbon, pressing the ink ribbon against the paper (similar to the action of a <a href="Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a>), or, less commonly, hits the back of the paper, pressing the paper against the ink ribbon (the <a href="IBM_1403" title="IBM 1403">IBM 1403</a> for example). All but the <a href="Dot_matrix_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot matrix printer">dot matrix printer</a> rely on the use of <i>fully formed characters</i>, <a href="Letterform" title="Letterform">letterforms</a> that represent each of the characters that the printer was capable of printing. In addition, most of these printers were limited to monochrome, or sometimes two-color, printing in a single typeface at one time, although <a href="Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">bolding</a> and <a href="Underlining" class="mw-redirect" title="Underlining">underlining</a> of text could be done by "overstriking", that is, printing two or more impressions either in the same character position or slightly offset. Impact printers varieties include typewriter-derived printers, teletypewriter-derived printers, daisywheel printers, dot matrix printers, and line printers. Dot-matrix printers remain in common use <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in businesses where multi-part forms are printed. <i>An overview of impact printing</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contains a detailed description of many of the technologies used.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Typewriter-derived_printers">Typewriter-derived printers</h5></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Friden_Flexowriter" title="Friden Flexowriter">Friden Flexowriter</a> and <a href="IBM_Selectric_typewriter" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Selectric typewriter">IBM Selectric typewriter</a></div>

<p>Several different computer printers were simply computer-controllable versions of existing electric typewriters. The <a href="Friden_Flexowriter" title="Friden Flexowriter">Friden Flexowriter</a> and <a href="IBM_Selectric_typewriter" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Selectric typewriter">IBM Selectric-based</a> printers were the most-common examples. The Flexowriter printed with a conventional typebar mechanism while the Selectric used IBM's well-known "golf ball" printing mechanism. In either case, the letter form then struck a ribbon which was pressed against the paper, printing one character at a time. The maximum speed of the Selectric printer (the faster of the two) was 15.5 characters per second.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Teletypewriter-derived_printers">Teletypewriter-derived printers</h5></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a></div>

<p>The common <a href="Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinter</a> could easily be interfaced with the computer and became very popular except for those computers manufactured by <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. Some models used a "typebox" that was positioned, in the X- and Y-axes, by a mechanism, and the selected letter form was struck by a hammer. Others used a type cylinder in a similar way as the Selectric typewriters used their type ball. In either case, the letter form then struck a ribbon to print the letterform. Most teleprinters operated at ten characters per second although a few achieved 15 CPS.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Daisy_wheel_printers">Daisy wheel printers</h5></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Daisy_wheel_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisy wheel printer">Daisy wheel printer</a></div>

<p>Daisy wheel printers operate in much the same fashion as a <a href="Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a>. A hammer strikes a wheel with petals, the "daisy wheel", each petal containing a letter form at its tip. The letter form strikes a ribbon of <a href="Ink" title="Ink">ink</a>, depositing the ink on the page and thus printing a character. By rotating the daisy wheel, different characters are selected for printing. These printers were also referred to as <i>letter-quality printers</i> because they could produce text which was as clear and crisp as a typewriter. The fastest letter-quality printers printed at 30 characters per second.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Dot-matrix_printers">Dot-matrix printers</h5></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Dot_matrix_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot matrix printer">Dot matrix printer</a></div>

<p>The term <a href="Dot_matrix_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot matrix printer">dot matrix printer</a> is used for impact printers that use a matrix of small <a href="Pin" title="Pin">pins</a> to transfer ink to the page.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advantage of dot matrix over other impact printers is that they can produce <a href="Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphical</a> images in addition to text; however the text is generally of poorer quality than impact printers that use letterforms (<i>type</i>).

</p><p>Dot-matrix printers can be broadly divided into two major classes:

</p>

<ul><li>Ballistic wire printers</li>

<li><a href="Stored_energy_printer" title="Stored energy printer">Stored energy printers</a></li></ul>

<p>Dot matrix printers can either be <a href="Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">character</a>-based or line-based (that is, a single horizontal series of pixels across the page), referring to the configuration of the print head.

</p><p>In the 1970s and '80s, dot matrix printers were one of the more common types of printers used for general use, such as for home and small office use. Such printers normally had either 9 or 24 pins on the print head (early 7 pin printers also existed, which did not print <a href="Descender" title="Descender">descenders</a>). There was a period during the early home computer era when a range of printers were manufactured under many brands such as the <a href="Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore</a> VIC-1525 using the <a href="Seikosha" title="Seikosha">Seikosha</a> <b>Uni-Hammer</b> system. This used a single solenoid with an oblique striker that would be actuated 7 times for each column of 7 vertical pixels while the head was moving at a constant speed. The angle of the striker would align the dots vertically even though the head had moved one dot spacing in the time. The vertical dot position was controlled by a synchronized longitudinally ribbed platen behind the paper that rotated rapidly with a rib moving vertically seven dot spacings in the time it took to print one pixel column.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 24-pin print heads were able to print at a higher quality and started to offer additional type styles and were marketed as <a href="Dot_matrix_printing#Near_Letter_Quality_.28NLQ.29" title="Dot matrix printing">Near Letter Quality</a> by some vendors. Once the price of inkjet printers dropped to the point where they were competitive with dot matrix printers, dot matrix printers began to fall out of favour for general use.

</p><p>Some dot matrix printers, such as the NEC P6300, can be upgraded to print in color. This is achieved through the use of a four-color ribbon mounted on a mechanism (provided in an upgrade kit that replaces the standard black ribbon mechanism after installation) that raises and lowers the ribbons as needed. Color graphics are generally printed in four passes at standard resolution, thus slowing down printing considerably. As a result, color graphics can take up to four times longer to print than standard monochrome graphics, or up to 8–16 times as long at high resolution mode.

</p><p>Dot matrix printers are still commonly used in low-cost, low-quality applications such as <a href="Cash_register" title="Cash register">cash registers</a>, or in demanding, very high volume applications like <a href="Invoice" title="Invoice">invoice</a> printing. Impact printing, unlike laser printing, allows the pressure of the print head to be applied to a stack of two or more forms to print <a href="Multipart_stationery" title="Multipart stationery">multi-part documents</a> such as sales invoices and <a href="Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit card</a> receipts using <a href="Continuous_stationery" title="Continuous stationery">continuous stationery</a> with <a href="Carbonless_copy_paper" title="Carbonless copy paper">carbonless copy paper</a>. It also has security advantages as ink impressed into a paper matrix by force is harder to erase invisibly. Dot-matrix printers were being superseded even as receipt printers after the end of the twentieth century.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Line_printers">Line printers</h5></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Line_printer" title="Line printer">Line printer</a></div>

<p>Line printers print an entire line of text at a time. Four principal designs exist.

</p>

<ul><li><i> Drum printers</i>, where a horizontally mounted rotating drum carries the entire character set of the printer repeated in each printable character position. The <a href="IBM_1132" title="IBM 1132">IBM 1132</a> printer is an example of a drum printer.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drum printers are also found in adding machines and other numeric printers (POS), the dimensions are compact as only a dozen characters need to be supported.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<ul><li><i>Chain or train printers</i>, where the character set is arranged multiple times around a linked chain or a set of character slugs in a track traveling horizontally past the print line. The <a href="IBM_1403" title="IBM 1403">IBM 1403</a> is perhaps the most popular and comes in both chain and train varieties. The <i>band printer</i> is a later variant where the characters are embossed on a flexible steel band. The LP27 from Digital Equipment Corporation is a band printer.</li>

<li><i>Bar printers</i>, where the character set is attached to a solid bar that moves horizontally along the print line, such as the <a href="IBM_1443" title="IBM 1443">IBM 1443</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>A fourth design, used mainly on very early printers such as the IBM 402, features independent type bars, one for each printable position. Each bar contains the character set to be printed. The bars move vertically to position the character to be printed in front of the print hammer.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>In each case, to print a line, precisely timed hammers strike against the back of the paper at the exact moment that the correct character to be printed is passing in front of the paper. The paper presses forward against a ribbon which then presses against the character form and the impression of the character form is printed onto the paper. Each system could have slight timing issues, which could cause minor misalignment of the resulting printed characters. For drum or typebar printers, this appeared as vertical misalignment, with characters being printed slightly above or below the rest of the line. In chain or bar printers, the misalignment was horizontal, with printed characters being crowded closer together or farther apart. This was much less noticeable to human vision than vertical misalignment, where characters seemed to bounce up and down in the line, so they were considered as higher quality print.

</p>

<ul><li><i>Comb printers</i>, also called <i><a href="Line_matrix_printer" title="Line matrix printer">line matrix printers</a></i>, represent the fifth major design. These printers are a hybrid of <a href="Dot_matrix_printing" title="Dot matrix printing">dot matrix printing</a> and line printing. In these printers, a comb of hammers prints a portion of a row of pixels at one time, such as every eighth pixel. By shifting the comb back and forth slightly, the entire pixel row can be printed, continuing the example, in just eight cycles. The paper then advances, and the next pixel row is printed. Because far less motion is involved than in a conventional dot matrix printer, these printers are very fast compared to dot matrix printers and are competitive in speed with formed-character line printers while also being able to print dot matrix graphics. The <a href="Printronix" title="Printronix">Printronix</a> P7000 series of line matrix printers are still manufactured as of 2013.</li></ul>

<p>Line printers are the fastest of all impact printers and are used for bulk printing in large computer centres. A line printer can print at 1100 lines per minute or faster, frequently printing pages more rapidly than many current laser printers. On the other hand, the mechanical components of line printers operate with tight tolerances and require regular <a href="Preventive_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive maintenance">preventive maintenance</a> (PM) to produce a top quality print. They are virtually never used with <a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> and have now been replaced by high-speed <a href="Laser_printing" title="Laser printing">laser printers</a>. The legacy of line printers lives on in many <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, which use the abbreviations "lp", "lpr", or "LPT" to refer to printers.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liquid_ink_electrostatic_printers">Liquid ink electrostatic printers</h4></div>

<p>Liquid ink electrostatic printers use a chemical coated paper, which is charged by the print head according to the image of the document.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paper is passed near a pool of liquid ink with the opposite charge. The charged areas of the paper attract the ink and thus form the image. This process was developed from the process of <a href="Electrofax" title="Electrofax">electrostatic copying</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Color reproduction is very accurate, and because there is no heating the scale distortion is less than ±0.1%. (All laser printers have an accuracy of ±1%.)

</p><p>Worldwide, most survey offices used this printer before color inkjet plotters become popular. Liquid ink electrostatic printers were mostly available in 36 to 54 inches (910 to 1,370 mm) width and also 6 color printing. These were also used to print large billboards. It was first introduced by Versatec, which was later bought by <a href="Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>. <a href="3M" title="3M">3M</a> also used to make these printers.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plotters">Plotters</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Plotter" title="Plotter">Plotter</a></div>

<p>Pen-based <a href="Plotter" title="Plotter">plotters</a> were an alternate printing technology once common in engineering and architectural firms. Pen-based plotters rely on contact with the paper (but not impact, per se) and special purpose pens that are mechanically run over the paper to create text and images. Since the pens output continuous lines, they were able to produce technical drawings of higher resolution than was achievable with dot-matrix technology.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some plotters used roll-fed paper, and therefore had a minimal restriction on the size of the output in one dimension. These plotters were capable of producing quite sizable drawings.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_printers">Other printers</h3></div>

<p>A number of other sorts of printers are important for historical reasons, or for special purpose uses.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Minilab" title="Minilab">Digital minilab</a> (<a href="Photographic_paper" title="Photographic paper">photographic paper</a>)</li>

<li><a href="VT52" title="VT52">Electrolytic printers</a></li>

<li><a href="Spark_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Spark printer">Spark printer</a></li>

<li>Barcode printer multiple technologies, including: <a href="Thermal_printing" title="Thermal printing">thermal printing</a>, <a href="Inkjet_printing" title="Inkjet printing">inkjet printing</a>, and <a href="Laser_printing" title="Laser printing">laser printing</a> <a href="Barcode" title="Barcode">barcodes</a></li>

<li>Label printer</li>

<li><a href="Wide-format_printer" title="Wide-format printer">Wide-format printer</a></li>

<li>Billboard / sign paint spray printers</li>

<li>Laser etching (product packaging) industrial printers</li>

<li>Microsphere (special paper)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attributes">Attributes</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connectivity">Connectivity</h3></div>

<p>Printers can be connected to computers in many ways: directly by a dedicated <a href="Data_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cable">data cable</a> such as the <a href="Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a>, through a short-range radio like <a href="Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>, a <a href="Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area network</a> using cables (such as the <a href="Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>) or radio (such as <a href="WiFi" class="mw-redirect" title="WiFi">WiFi</a>), or on a standalone basis without a computer, using a <a href="Memory_card" title="Memory card">memory card</a> or other portable data storage device.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printer_control_languages">Printer control languages</h3></div>

<p>Most printers other than line printers accept <a href="Control_character" title="Control character">control characters</a> or unique character sequences to control various printer functions. These may range from shifting from lower to upper case or from black to red ribbon on typewriter printers to switching fonts and changing character sizes and colors on raster printers. Early printer controls were not standardized, with each manufacturer's equipment having its own set. The IBM <a href="Personal_Printer_Data_Stream" title="Personal Printer Data Stream">Personal Printer Data Stream</a> (PPDS) became a commonly used command set for dot-matrix printers.

</p><p>Today, most printers accept one or more <a href="Page_description_language" title="Page description language">page description languages</a> (PDLs). Laser printers with greater processing power frequently offer support for variants of Hewlett-Packard's <a href="Printer_Command_Language" title="Printer Command Language">Printer Command Language</a> (PCL), <a href="PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a> or <a href="XML_Paper_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="XML Paper Specification">XML Paper Specification</a>. Most inkjet devices support manufacturer proprietary PDLs such as <a href="ESC/P" title="ESC/P">ESC/P</a>. The diversity in mobile platforms have led to various standardization efforts around device PDLs such as the <a href="Printer_Working_Group" title="Printer Working Group">Printer Working Group</a> (PWG's) PWG Raster.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printing_speed">Printing speed</h3></div>

<p>The speed of early printers was measured in units of <i>characters per minute</i> (cpm) for character printers, or <i>lines per minute</i> (lpm) for line printers. Modern printers are measured in <i>pages per minute</i> (ppm). These measures are used primarily as a marketing tool, and are not as well standardised as <a href="ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">toner yields</a>. Usually pages per minute refers to sparse monochrome office documents, rather than dense pictures which usually print much more slowly, especially color images. Speeds in ppm usually apply to <a href="ISO_216" title="ISO 216">A4 paper</a> in most countries in the world, and <a href="Letter_(paper_size)" title="Letter (paper size)">letter</a> paper size, about 6% shorter, in North America.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printing_mode">Printing mode</h3></div>

<p>The data received by a printer may be:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Plain_text" title="Plain text">A string of characters</a></li>

<li><a href="Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">A bitmapped image</a></li>

<li><a href="Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">A vector image</a></li>

<li>A <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> written in a <a href="Page_description_language" title="Page description language">page description language</a>, such as <a href="Page_description_language" title="Page description language">PCL</a> or <a href="PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a></li></ul>

<p>Some printers can process all four types of data, others not.

</p>

<ul><li>Character printers, such as <a href="Daisy_wheel_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisy wheel printer">daisy wheel printers</a>, can handle only plain text data or rather simple point plots.</li>

<li>Pen <a href="Plotter" title="Plotter">plotters</a> typically process <a href="Vector_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector image">vector images</a>. Inkjet based plotters can adequately reproduce all four.</li>

<li>Modern printing technology, such as <a href="Laser_printing" title="Laser printing">laser printers</a> and <a href="Inkjet_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkjet printer">inkjet printers</a>, can adequately reproduce all four. This is especially true of printers equipped with support for PCL or PostScript, which includes the vast majority of printers produced today.</li></ul>

<p>Today it is possible to print everything (even plain text) by sending ready bitmapped images to the printer. This allows better control over formatting, especially among machines from different vendors. Many <a href="Printer_driver" title="Printer driver">printer drivers</a> do not use the text mode at all, even if the printer is capable of it.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monochrome,_color_and_photo_printers">Monochrome, color and photo printers</h3></div>

<p>A monochrome printer can only produce <a href="Monochrome" title="Monochrome">monochrome images</a>, with only shades of a single <a href="Color" title="Color">color</a>. Most printers can produce only two colors, black (ink) and white (no ink). With half-tonning techniques, however, such a printer can produce acceptable <a href="Grayscale" title="Grayscale">grey-scale</a> images too

</p><p>A color printer can produce images of multiple colors. A photo printer is a color printer that can produce images that mimic the <a href="Gamut" title="Gamut">color range</a> (gamut) and <a href="Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">resolution</a> of prints made from <a href="Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Page_yield">Page yield</h3></div>

<p>The page yield is the number of pages that can be printed from a <a href="Toner_cartridge" title="Toner cartridge">toner cartridge</a> or <a href="Ink_cartridge" title="Ink cartridge">ink cartridge</a>—before the cartridge needs to be refilled or replaced.

The actual number of pages yielded by a specific cartridge depends on a number of factors.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>For a fair comparison, many laser printer manufacturers use the <a href="ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">ISO/IEC 19752</a> process to measure the toner cartridge yield.<sup id="cite_ref-measuring_yield_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-measuring_yield-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3></div>

<p>In order to fairly compare operating expenses of printers with a relatively small <a href="Ink_cartridge" title="Ink cartridge">ink cartridge</a> to printers with a larger, more expensive <a href="Toner_cartridge" title="Toner cartridge">toner cartridge</a> that typically holds more toner and so prints more pages before the cartridge needs to be replaced, many people prefer to estimate operating expenses in terms of cost per page (CPP).<sup id="cite_ref-measuring_yield_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-measuring_yield-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Retailers often apply the <a href="Razor_and_blades_model" title="Razor and blades model">"razor and blades" model</a>: a company may sell a printer at cost and make profits on the <a href="Ink_cartridge" title="Ink cartridge">ink cartridge</a>, paper, or some other <a href="Spare_part" title="Spare part">replacement part</a>. This has caused legal disputes regarding the right of companies other than the printer manufacturer to sell <a href="Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">compatible</a> ink cartridges. To protect their business model, several manufacturers invest heavily in developing new cartridge technology and patenting it.

</p><p>Other manufacturers, in reaction to the challenges from using this business model, choose to make more money on printers and less on ink, promoting the latter through their advertising campaigns. Finally, this generates two clearly different proposals: "cheap printer – expensive ink" or "expensive printer – cheap ink". Ultimately, the consumer decision depends on their reference <a href="Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rate</a> or their <a href="Time_preference" title="Time preference">time preference</a>. From an <a href="Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> viewpoint, there is a clear <a href="Trade-off" title="Trade-off">trade-off</a> between cost per copy and cost of the printer.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printer_steganography">Printer steganography</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Printer_steganography" class="mw-redirect" title="Printer steganography">Printer steganography</a></div>

<p>Printer steganography is a type of <a href="Steganography" title="Steganography">steganography</a> – "hiding data within data"<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – produced by color printers, including <a href="Brother_Industries" title="Brother Industries">Brother</a>, <a href="Canon_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (company)">Canon</a>, Dell, <a href="Seiko_Epson" class="mw-redirect" title="Seiko Epson">Epson</a>, <a href="Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a>, IBM, <a href="Konica_Minolta" title="Konica Minolta">Konica Minolta</a>, <a href="Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a>, Lanier, <a href="Lexmark" title="Lexmark">Lexmark</a>, <a href="Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a>, <a href="Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> and <a href="Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brand color laser printers, where tiny yellow dots are added to each page. The dots are barely visible and contain encoded printer serial numbers, as well as date and time stamps.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturers_and_market_share">Manufacturers and market share</h2></div>

<p>As of 2020–2021, the largest worldwide vendor of printers is <a href="HP_Inc." title="HP Inc.">Hewlett-Packard</a>, followed by <a href="Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a>, <a href="Brother_Industries" title="Brother Industries">Brother</a>, <a href="Seiko_Epson" class="mw-redirect" title="Seiko Epson">Seiko Epson</a> and <a href="Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other known vendors include <a href="NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>, <a href="Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a>, <a href="Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>, <a href="Lexmark" title="Lexmark">Lexmark</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Oki_Electric_Industry" title="Oki Electric Industry">OKI</a>, <a href="Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a>, <a href="Konica_Minolta" title="Konica Minolta">Konica Minolta</a>, <a href="Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a>, <a href="Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a>, <a href="Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>, <a href="Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>, <a href="Star_Micronics" title="Star Micronics">Star Micronics</a>, <a href="Citizen_Watch" title="Citizen Watch">Citizen</a> and <a href="Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>.

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Campus_card" title="Campus card">Campus card</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardboard_modeling" title="Cardboard modeling">Cardboard modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Dye-sublimation_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dye-sublimation printer">Dye-sublimation printer</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_printing" title="History of printing">History of printing</a></li>

<li><a href="Label_printer" title="Label printer">Label printer</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_printer_companies" title="List of printer companies">List of printer companies</a></li>

<li><a href="Print_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Print (command)">Print (command)</a></li>

<li><a href="Printer_driver" title="Printer driver">Printer driver</a></li>

<li><a href="Print_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Print screen">Print screen button</a></li>

<li><a href="Print_server" title="Print server">Print server</a></li>

<li><a href="Printer_friendly" class="mw-redirect" title="Printer friendly">Printer friendly</a> (also known as a printable version)</li>

<li><a href="Printer_point" title="Printer point">Printer point</a></li>

<li><a href="Printer_(publishing)" title="Printer (publishing)">Printer (publishing)</a></li>

<li><a href="Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></li>

<li><a href="See_What_You_Print" title="See What You Print">See What You Print</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_card" title="Smart card">Smart card</a></li>

<li><a href="Typewriter_ribbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Typewriter ribbon">Typewriter ribbon</a></li>

<li><a href="3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIBM_Corporation1963" class="citation book cs1">IBM Corporation (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/ibm/punchedCard/AccountingMachine/224-1614-13_402-403-419.pdf"><i>IBM 402, 403 and 419 Accounting Machines Manual of Operation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/ibm/punchedCard/AccountingMachine/224-1614-13_402-403-419.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/138/c/CK1366.pdf">"<i>CK1366 CK1367 Printer-type cathode ray tube</i> data sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="Raytheon" title="Raytheon">Raytheon Company</a>. 1 November 1960. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/138/c/CK1366.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite>; <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/138/c/CK1368.pdf">"<i>CK1368 CK1369 Printer-type cathode ray tube</i> data sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="Raytheon" title="Raytheon">Raytheon Company</a>. 1 November 1960. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/138/c/CK1368.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201153330/http://cms.ironk12.org/TeacherWebsites/RyanDurfee/USHistory/HistoryStudentsWebsites/MadisonAlgerHISTORYWEBSITE/electrostaticprinter.html">"Madison's website on Renn Zaphiropoulos"</a>. Cms.ironk12.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cms.ironk12.org/TeacherWebsites/RyanDurfee/USHistory/HistoryStudentsWebsites/MadisonAlgerHISTORYWEBSITE/electrostaticprinter.html">the original</a> on 1 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wide-format-printers.org/3M_Scotchprint_Printer_2000/3M_Scotchprint_2000_signs.htm">"Introduction to the 3M Scotchprint 2000 electrostatic printer"</a>. Wide-format-printers.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515052623/http://www.wide-format-printers.org/3M_Scotchprint_Printer_2000/3M_Scotchprint_2000_signs.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hpmuseum.net/exhibit.php?class=4&cat=24">"HP Computer Museum"</a>. <i>www.hpmuseum.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703013250/http://hpmuseum.net/exhibit.php?class=4&cat=24">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.highspeedbackbone.net/html/printeryieldguide.html">"The Science Behind Page Counts, Cartridge Yields and The 5% Rule"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215032442/http://static.highspeedbackbone.net/html/printeryieldguide.html">Archived</a> 15 February 2015 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span>

</li>

[ "Printer & Page Yield Overview"].

Hewlett-Packard.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexmark.com/en_us/products/supplies-and-accessories/iso-page-yields.html">"ISO Page Yields"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806180732/https://www.lexmark.com/en_us/products/supplies-and-accessories/iso-page-yields.html">Archived</a> 6 August 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.

quote: "Many original equipment manufacturers of printers and multifunction products (MFPs), including Lexmark, utilize the international industry standards for page yields (ISO/IEC 19752, 19798, and 24711)."</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFArtz2001" class="citation journal cs1">Artz, D. (2001). "Digital steganography: Hiding data within data". <i>IEEE Internet Computing</i>. <b>5</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">75–</span>80. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F4236.935180">10.1109/4236.935180</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/pages/list-printers-which-do-or-do-not-display-tracking-dots">"List of Printers Which Do or Do Not Display Tracking Dots"</a>. <a href="Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>. 20 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170120103601/https://www.eff.org/pages/list-printers-which-do-or-do-not-display-tracking-dots">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite> Retrieved 11 March 2011.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url">"Why printers add secret tracking dots"</a>. <i>www.bbc.com</i>. 3 June 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170607-why-printers-add-secret-tracking-dots">the original</a> on 31 March 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/541347/worldwide-printer-market-vendor-shares/">"Global printer market share by vendor 2021"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.printerbase.co.uk/news/the-ultimate-guide-to-printer-companies/">"The Ultimate Guide to Printer Manufacturers"</a>. 12 May 2023.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Printers" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Printers">Printers</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Basic_computer_components192" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basic <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Input_device" title="Input device">Input devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">Pointing devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Graphics tablet</a></li>

<li><a href="Game_controller" title="Game controller">Game controller</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light pen</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">Optical</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Optical_trackpad" title="Optical trackpad">Optical trackpad</a></li>

<li><a href="Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">Pointing stick</a></li>

<li><a href="Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a></li>

<li><a href="Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li>

<li><a href="Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Image scanner</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a>

<li><a href="Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li>

<li><a href="Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a>

<ul><li><a href="Softcam" title="Softcam">Softcam</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Output_device" title="Output device">Output devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">Monitor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">Screen</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Plotter" title="Plotter">Plotter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Computer_speakers" title="Computer speakers">Speakers</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Removable_media" title="Removable media">Removable <br> data storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a>

<li><a href="Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a></li>

<li><a href="USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_case" title="Computer case">Computer case</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Memory</a>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Data storage</a>

<li><a href="Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">Power supply</a>

<li><a href="MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a>

<ul><li><a href="Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">Network interface controller</a></li>

<li><a href="Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modem</a></li>

<li><a href="Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">Expansion card</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li>

<li><a href="Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li>

<li><a href="Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Analog audio jack</a></li>

<li><a href="DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394)</li>

<li><a href="Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a></li>

<li><a href="Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a></li>

<li><a href="Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">eSATA</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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